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379 lines
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379 lines
17 KiB
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"">
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<html>p
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<head>
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<title>Examples</title>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Quanta Plus">
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</head>
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<p>
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<DIV
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CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0">
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<TR><TH COLSPAN="3" ALIGN="center">Python Bindings for KDE (PyKDE-3.16.0)</TH></TR>
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<TR><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="bottom"><A HREF="examples.html" ACCESSKEY="P">Prev</A></TD>
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<TD WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
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<TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="bottom"><A HREF="limits.html" ACCESSKEY="N">Next</A></TD>
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</TR>
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</TABLE><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV>
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<h1>DCOP and Extensions</h1>
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<p>
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DCOP is KDE's acronym for it's "Desktop Communications-Oriented Protocol" - basically a
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lightweight and simple mechanism for inter-process communications (IPC). DCOP allows two
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running applications to exchange messages or other information or exercise control over
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each other.
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</p>
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<p>
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While the DCOP implementation is convenient for C++ programmers, it presents some difficulties
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for Python programmers. The DCOP extensions that have been added to PyKDE should make most
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DCOP applications (either DCOP-client or DCOP-enabled applications) simple to write and
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reliable to run
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</p>
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<h2>What Extensions?</h2>
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There are three basic extensions added to PyKDE that are not part of KDE itself:
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<dl>
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<dt>Packing/Unpacking TQByteArrays</dt>
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<dd>
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DCOP passes data between applications using TQByteArrays. TQByteArrays can be difficult to
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pack or unpack using PyTQt or PyKDE, so PyKDE has additional methods (dcop_add and dcop_next)
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to make these operations simpler in Python
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</dd>
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<dt>Client Extensions</dt>
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<dd>
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PyKDE's DCOP client extensions make it easy and natural to call DCOP methods in other
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DCOP-enabled applications - the application or DCOP object being referenced look like
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Python classes, and the method being called looks to the programmer like a Python method.
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</dd>
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<dt>DCOP Enabling (Export) Extensions</dt>
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<dd>
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Another set of extensions makes it trivial to expose an application's methods via DCOP to
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other applications. All that is required is to subclass a pre-written Python class and
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provide a list of the methods to expose, along with a method signature listing the name
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of the method, it's return type, and the the types of its arguments.
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>
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The methods for packing/unpacking TQByteArrays are available to the programmer, but are
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primarily used transparently by the other PyKDE DCOP extensions. The client and export extensions
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are two Python modules that are included and installed as part of PyKDE.
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</p>
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<h2>Calling DCOP Methods</h2>
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<p>
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Accessing a DCOP method in another application requires 3 pieces of information: the name of
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the application to be accessed, the name of the DCOP object which holds the method to be
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called, and the name of the method itself.
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</p>
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<h3>Collection the Information</h3>
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<p>
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The easiest way to collect the required information is to use the kdcop application that
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comes with PyKDE. kdcop is graphical application that looks like the image shown.
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</p>
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<IMG src="images/kdcop1.png" align="middle" border="0">
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<h3>Application/Object/Method Information</h3>
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<p>
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Look at the entry for kicker, which has been expanded in the image. Underneath kicker (the
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application name - kicker is the panel on the standard KDE screen) is a list of DCOP objects,
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for example, Panel. Under each object is a list of methods the application/object exposes, for
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example, "int panelPosition ()". This indicates the method panelPosition takes no arguments
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and returns an integer.
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</p>
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<h3>Writing the Code</h3>
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<p>
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There are two ways to use the DCOP extensions to call the panelPosition method. The first is
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from the application level, the second is from the object level. We can use the "application
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level" in this case, because the object name "Panel" can be valid Python identifier (not all
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object names have this property).
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</p>
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<TABLE BORDER="0" BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TR><TD><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING">
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import dcopext
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# ! other imports not shown !
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app = TDEApplication ()
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dcop = app.dcopClient ()
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d = dcopext.DCOPApp ("kicker", dcop)
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ok, panelPos = d.Panel.panelPosition ()
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</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<p>
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That's all there's to it in this case. We import dcopext, which contains the client extension
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classes; from the TDEApplication instance, we "borrow" the DCOPClient instance (dcop); we create a
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DCOPApp instance, passing it the name of the app ("kicker") and the DCOPClient instance; we
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call kicker's Panel object's panelPosition method (d.Panel.panelPosition); lastly, the integer
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value is returned to our application (panelPos) as the second item in a tuple - the first element
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of the tuple (ok) is a boolean value indicating whether the call succeeded (True) or failed (False).
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</p>
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<p>
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Many of the DCOP object names can't be used as Python identifiers (for example,"0x8239ae0" or
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TDEIO::Scheduler in kicker, or EditInterface#1, which kwrite exports). In that case, it's
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necessary to write the code at the object level, constructing a DCOPObj instead of a
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DCOPApp (DCOPApp actually constructs a DCOPObj behind the scenese in the example above).
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</p>
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<TABLE BORDER="0" BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TR><TD><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING">
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import dcopext
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# ! other imports not shown !
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o = dcopext.DCOPObj ("kicker", dcop, "Panel")
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ok, panelPos = o.panelPosition ()
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</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<p>
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In this example, 'o' is a DCOPObj. In constructing 'o', we add a string representation of
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the name of the object ("Panel") to the application name and DCOPClient object. We then
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use the DCOPObj 'o' to call the the method (panelPosition) that the object supports.
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</p>
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<h3>More on Application Names</h3>
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<p>
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In the example above, kicker was the name of the application and the id we used to reference
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the application as well. kicker is an example of a unique application - only one instance of
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kicker can be running at any time.
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</p>
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<p>
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Many applications (konqueror, for example) can have several instances running at the same
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time. kdcop would display multiple instances like this:
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</p>
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<IMG src="images/kdcop2.png" border="0">
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<p>
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kdcop shows 3 instances of konqueror running in the example above. To perform a DCOP call in
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this case, we'd need to know which instance of konqueror we want to send the call to. The
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suffix on each instance of konqueror is the PID of the instance running. We simply pass the
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full id (app name + pid - eg konqueror-14409) when constructing DCOPApp or DCOPObj.
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</p>
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<p>
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If you instantiate the application you want to communicate with from your own application (that
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will be making the DCOP calls), methods like TDEApplication.startServiceByDesktopName will
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let you start the app and also return both the PID of the started app and the complete
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identifier string needed to initiate DCOP communications. The identifier's name portion may or
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may not be the same as the name of the application (see the example_dcopexport.py example program,
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whose ID is "petshop-####" (#### is the PID of the application instance).
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</p>
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<h3>Data Types</h3>
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The DCOP extensions will support any of the following C++ data types:
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<table><TR><TD>char</TD><TD>short</TD><TD>int</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>long</TD><TD>unsigned char</TD><TD>unsigned short</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>unsigned int</TD><TD>unsigned long</TD><TD>uchar</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>ushsort</TD><TD>uint</TD><TD>ulong</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQ_INT32</TD><TD>pid_t</TD><TD>float</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>double</TD><TD>TQString</TD><TD>TQStringList</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQCString</TD><TD>KURL</TD><TD>KURL::List</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQSize</TD><TD>TQRect</TD><TD>TQRegion</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQFont</TD><TD>TQCursor</TD><TD>TQPixmap</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQColor</TD><TD>TQColorGroup</TD><TD>TQPalette</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQBrush</TD><TD>TQWidget::FocusPolicy</TD><TD>DCOPRef</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQVariant</TD><TD>TQDate</TD><TD>TQTime</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQDateTime</TD><TD>TQImage</TD><TD>TQKeySequence</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQPen</TD><TD>TQPicture</TD><TD>TQPointArray</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQValueList<DCOPRef></TD><TD>TQValueList<TQCString></TD><TD>TQMap<TQCString,DCOPRef></TD></TR>
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<TR><TD>TQMap<TQCString,DCOPRef></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
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</table>
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<p>
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Data conversion between C++ and Python types is done transparently. The integer types
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map to Python int or Python long, the decimal types to Python double. A Python string
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can be used for any argument that requires a TQString or TQCString (return types will
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always be the TQt object type). The TQValueList types take or return a Python list of the
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indicated object. The TQMap types take or return a Python dict with the first type as
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the key and the second type as data. All other types use the same object type in
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Python and TQt (for instance, TQPoint or TQStringList).
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</p>
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<p>
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It's possible to add support for more types in the future. To be added, a type requires
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a pair of overloaded TQDataStream operators ("<<" and ">>"). Types must also
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exist in the libs that PyTQt and PyKDE support - types specific to applications (like
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konqueror) cannot be supported at this time.
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</p>
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<h3>Other Extension Features</h3>
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<p>
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The dcopext module consists of 3 classes (DCOPApp, DCOPObj and DCOPMeth) corresponding to
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applications, objects and methods respectively. These classes have additional variables and methods:
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<ul>
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<li> DCOPApp.objects - returns a list of the applications DCOP objects. example: d.objects</li>
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<li> DCOPApp.object(objname) - returns a DCOPObj for the DCOPObject. example: d.object ("Panel")</li>
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<li> DCOPObj.methods - returns a list of the methods and object has. example: o.methods</li>
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<li> DCOPObj.method (methname) - returns an DCOPMeth instance corresponding to the method, which
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can be called. example: o.method("panelPosition")</li>
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<li> DCOPMeth.valid - returns whether the method is valid or not (True/False). example:
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d.Panel.panelPosition.valid</li>
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<li>DCOPMeth.rtype - a method's return type. example d.Panel.panelPosition.rtype</li>
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<li>DCOPMeth.argtypes - a list of the method's argument types. example d.Panel.panelPosition.argtypes</li>
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<li>DCOPMeth.argnames - a list of the method's argument names. example d.Panel.panelPosition.argnames</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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If a method isn't valid, it's rtype, argtypes and argnames values will all be None.
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</p>
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</p>
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<h2>DCOP Enabling a Python Application</h2>
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<p>
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Enabling a Python application to handle DCOP calls is even simpler than making calls as a
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DCOP client. Suppose a Python application has two methods we want to appear as int getValue()
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and void setValue(int). The corresponding Python methods are get_value() set_value(i).
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We want to export these methods under the object "Value". Here's the code:
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</p>
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<TABLE BORDER="0" BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TR><TD><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING">
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from dcopexport import DCOPExObj
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# ! other imports not shown !
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class ValueObject (DCOPExObj):
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def __init__ (self, id="Value"):
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DCOPExObj.__init__ (self, id)
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self.value = 0
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self.addMethod ("int getValue()", self.get_value)
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self.addMethod ("void setValue(int)", self.set_value)
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def get_value(self):
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return self.value
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def set_value (self, i):
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self.value = i
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</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<p>
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Note that the module for the DCOPExObj class is "dcopexport". The Python methods may be
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part of the DCOPExObj subclass, part of another class, or global Python functions. They
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must be callable from the DCOPExObj subclass being created. The dcopexport extension takes
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care of everything else, including the "functions()" method which applications (yours or
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kdcop, for example) can call to find out which methods are available and their return
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and argument types. You can have multiple instances of DCOPExObj in a program. All of
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the data types listed above are supported transparently - you don't have to pack or
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unpack TQByteArrays.
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</p>
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<h2>Packing and Unpacking TQByteArrays</h2>
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<p>
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NOTE: It isn't necessary to use the dcop_add and dcop_next functions or worry about
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TQByteArrays at all when using dcopext or dcopexport as shown above. Those modules
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handle the packing and unpacking details automatically behind the scenes.
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</p>
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<p>
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The dcop_add and dcop_next functions are available in the PyKDE tdecore module (they
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may be relocated to a different module in the future). They use a TQDataStream to operate
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on a TQByteArray. The TQByteArray can be thought of as a stack (a FIFO stack though) -
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dcop_add pushes objects onto the stack, dcop_next pops objects off the stack. The first
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object popped off will be the first object pushed on, etc.
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</p>
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<p>
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The dcop_add function is actually a group of overloaded functions, some of which take
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different argument counts. Here are some examples:
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</p>
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<TABLE BORDER="0" BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TR><TD><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING">
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from tdecore import dcop_add, dcop_next
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from python_tqt.qt import TQByteArray, TQDataStream, IO_ReadOnly, IO_WriteOnly, TQString,\
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TQCString, TQValueList<TQCString>
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from dcopext import numericTypes, stringTypes
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b = TQByteArray ()
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s = TQDataStream (b, IO_WriteOnly)
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i = 6
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d = 3.14
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t = TQString ("Hello, World")
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x = TQCString ("One")
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y = TQCString ("Two")
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z = TQCString ("Three")
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l = [x, y, z]
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dcop_add (s, i, "long")
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dcop_add (s, d, "double")
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dcop_add (s, t)
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dcop_add (s, x)
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dcop_add (s, l, "TQValueList<TQCString>")
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</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<p>
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Notice that for numeric types (integer or decimal) an additional string is needed to
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specify the C++ type of the object - that's because Python has only 3 basic numeric
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types, while C++ has at least 10 basic numeric types plus variations via typedefs.
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</p>
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<p>
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Also, the TQValueList (and TQMap - not shown) type needs a qualifier - a Python list
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type doesn't know (or care) what the type of its elements is.
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</p>
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<p>
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Other types (TQString, TQCString) are uniquely typed, so no modifier is needed.
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</p>
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<p>
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While it may change in the future, dcop_add right now retains the variable argument lists.
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You can handle this in your own code easily if you import "numericTypes" and
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"stringTypes" from dcopext as shown above. The following code will sort things out:
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</p>
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<TABLE BORDER="0" BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TR><TD><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING">
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# atype is the type of the argument being processed (as a string)
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# value is the object being packed into the TQByteArray
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if atype in numericTypes:
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dcop_add (s, value, atype)
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elif atype in stringTypes and isinstance (value, str):
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dcop_add (s, eval ("%s('%s')" % (atype, value)))
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elif atype.startswith ("TQMap") or atype.startswith ("TQValueList"):
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dcop_add (params, value, atype)
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else:
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dcop_add (s, value)
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</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<p>
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At least in DCOP related applications, all of the necessary type information is always
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easily available. The first if clause above processes numeric types; the second if
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clause allows you to use Python strings in place of TQt's TQString or TQCString types; the
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third if clause handles TQValueList and TQMap based types; the else clause handles
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everything else.
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</p>
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<p>
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Unpacking a TQByteArray is simpler - dcop_next always takes a TQDataStream instance and
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a type name string. The code below assumes the same set of imports as above:
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</p>
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<TABLE BORDER="0" BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TR><TD><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING">
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# b is a TQByteArray to be unpacked
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s = TQDataStream (b, IO_ReadOnly)
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i1 = dcop_next (s, "long")
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d1 = dcop_next (s, "double")
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t1 = dcop_next (s, "TQString")
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x1 = dcop_next (s, "TQCString")
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l1 = dcop_next (s, "TQValueList<TQCString>")
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</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<p>
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Of course the type specified in dcop_next to unpack the object must match the type of
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the object originally packed, and must happen in the same order (you can't use this to cast or convert types). i1, d1, etc
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should contain the same values as i, d, etc above.
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</p>
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<p>
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The types that dcop_add/dcop_next can handle are the same types listed in the dcopext
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section above.
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</p>
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<h2>Thanks</h2>
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<p>
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The code for dcopext and dcopexport is based on pydcop.py and pcop.cpp written by Torben Weis
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and Julian Rockey. It's available in the dcoppython/ section of the kde-bindings source code,
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and can be used to implement DCOP communication without using PyTQt or PyKDE.
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</p>
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<DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER">
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<HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"><A HREF="examples.html" ACCESSKEY="P">Prev</A></TD>
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<TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top"><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H">Home</A></TD>
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<TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">Templates and Example Programs</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top"> </TD>
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<TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">General Limitations</TD>
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